This condition causes the buildup of an unusual protein called amyloid in your tissues and organs. Lack of sleep can precipitate this phenomenon. Jaundice is not a disease in itself, but is a sign of a health problem. Many forms of liver diseases and conditions cause cirrhosis. Jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia in adults is caused by an underlying disease or condition. Your blood cells may burst or become damaged and get filtered out by your liver or spleen. Once the underlying issue is treated, yellow eyes often go away. It happens slowly over a long period. If you have hepatitis, your doctor might give you drugs to fight the virus. And, just in case you’re wondering, you can live without your gallbladder. In practice, people who get yellow skin or eyes when they use 300 mg/day atazanavir with a booster can often change to unboosted atazanavir (at 400 mg/day). Yellow eyes: This can be normal or due to many issues such as liver disease, dehydration, or other problems. Formation of purple or yellow circles around eyes may arise due to reduced sleep. A simple blood test can check for that. Yellow eyes can be caused due to jaundice, leptosperosis, excess alcohol intake, yellow fever and use of medications. Know how that can be avoided just by taking few preventive measures. If bile ducts are blocked by gallstones, bilirubin builds up in your blood. Bilirubin is contained inside red blood cells, and it is cleared out of the body in the digestive substance "bile," which drains from the liver and gallbladder. If you drink heavily for a long time (usually at least 8 to 10 years), it can cause serious liver damage. Often, the cause is a virus that infects liver cells, such the hepatitis A, B, or C. The infection may be short-lived (acute) or long-term (chronic), which means it lasts for at least 6 months. Reduction in bile – Conditions such as presence of gall stones or tumors that cause blockage in the bile duct, cancer of the pancreas or liver or cysts, cirrhosis and hepatitis may lead to reduction in bile. The sclera is not the one that is stained with the yellow bilirubin pigment but rather the conjunctival membrane covering it. Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels. Note that the daily unboosted dose of atazanavir (2 x 200 mg) is a higher dose than the boosted dose (1 x 300 mg capsule). However, some of the underlying conditions that…, Jaundice is common in newborns, and it also occurs in adults with liver-related health problems. Yellowing of the eyes typically happens if you have jaundice. Viral Hepatitis info hepatatis c Yellow eyes and kidney failure. In more severe cases, the whites of your eyes may turn brown or orange. That is a generalization. What are some treatments for yellow eyes? Often, the ailment will clear out by itself, not requiring any form of treatment. Normally, it's not a problem. Jaundice develops when the oxygen-carrying component of blood, i.e. Know the symptoms of sickle cell disease. Sometimes yellowing of the eyes is caused by anemia. Fluid settles under the eyes when sleeping. Read more about the symptoms of sarcoidosis. Diet for Jaundice: What Should I Add or Remove. Jaundice refers to a yellowing of the whites of the eyes or the skin. This type of jaundice happens if your liver has already been damaged a bit. In case of adults, jaundice is severe and can be a symptom of severe diseases and disorders. The baby’s doctor or nurse can test how much bilirubin is in the baby’s blood. There’s no research supporting the idea that putting too much of any substance into your body can cause it to back up into your bloodstream and make your eyes yellow. But in some cases, it may be a temporary bilirubin buildup or a nutrient deficiency, as lacking vitamins like B-12 has been linked to yellowing of the eyes because of changes in red blood cell production. In adults, jaundice is many times indicative of: Cirrhosis (living scarring) Liver cancer. The ultrastructure of the pigment granules in the primary and secondary pigment cells is compared … Sometimes, drugs or autoimmune diseases (where your immune system attacks your body) can cause hepatitis. *Stereo headphones recommended for full experience*Inspired by a true story. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Jaundice occurs when the level of the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood increases. Click on the combination that matches your symptoms to find the conditions that may cause these problems. For example, the idea that eating certain foods can cause yellow eyes or that someone with yellow eyes has an alcohol use disorder. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Coronavirus in Context: Interviews With Experts, Sign Up to Receive Our Free Coroanvirus Newsletter, how heavy drinking can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, roundworm infection symptoms and treatment, primary sclerosing cholangitis causes, symptoms, and treatment, ulcerative cholitis symptoms and treatment, Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Starts in the Liver, Yellow eyes and skin, starting on their face and moving down their body. This problem is rare because of blood testing, but it’s considered an emergency. The hepatic artery proper splits off the common hepatic artery. Find out more on amyloidosis causes and symptoms. Your liver processes everything you eat and drink. In practice, people who get yellow skin or eyes when they use 300 mg/day atazanavir with a booster can often change to unboosted atazanavir (at 400 mg/day). A portrait of a beautiful adult young black and white cat with big yellow eyes lying in the green feline bed Here's what you can do. Your liver filters bilirubin from your blood and uses it to make a fluid called bile. Yellow eyes are one of the first symptoms of jaundice. See your doctor if you notice significant yellowing in your eyes, especially along with other symptoms like abdominal pain, fatigue, and fever, so that you can get the treatment you need. Jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia in adults is caused by an underlying disease or condition. Jaundice is a common complication of pancreatitis, usually because of a blockage in your bile duct. Last medically reviewed on November 5, 2019. Jaundice is the yellow discolouration of your skin, the whites of your eyes and body fluids. Newborn yellow eyes can get away by using vitamin d syrups. Yellowing of the Eyes in Children and Adults When older children and adults develop yellowing of the eyes, it is a cause for concern since jaundice is uncommon these age categories. It’s caused by conditions like malaria and sickle cell anemia. In hemolytic anemia, your body breaks down red blood cells too quickly. Find out more on blood transfusions and what to expect. In the situation that there is a health problem in the body, the white portion of the eye is going to turn yellow. If the pancreatic duct becomes inflamed, infected, or obstructed, bile may not drain properly. Some of these foods include carrots, squash, and melons — they can affect the skin, but they shouldn’t cause yellowing of the eyes. It is caused by a buildup in the blood and tissues of the body of a substance called bilirubin. If you’re given blood that’s the wrong type -- for example, if you have type A blood but get type B -- your immune system might destroy the wrong blood, releasing bilirubin and causing jaundice. Your doctor will likely suggest removing your gallbladder if your bile ducts are blocked, the gallbladder is inflamed, or the gallbladder is full of gallstones. The yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin is known as jaundice. The deficiency of Vitamin D often leads to jaundice in children and adults. How to use: let The Analyst™ find what's wrong; When that happens, it releases more bilirubin than your liver can handle. Anemia is a condition in which your blood lacks healthy red blood cells. Conditions that affect the liver’s function can cause yellowing of the eyes. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for severe abdominal pain , stool with blood or pus, high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), significant vomiting, seizures , changes in mental status, or sudden behavior changes. They carry the fluid from your liver to your gallbladder (where it’s stored) and then to the small intestine. The division is made by the attachment of the falciform ligament. The duct that comes from your pancreas and the gallbladder’s bile duct join to drain into your small intestine. They may recommend a blood transfusion, rehydration through an intravenous (IV) line, or medications like hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea) if it’s caused by sickle cell anemia. When to see a doctor: Seek immediate medical attention if you have any of the above symptoms. Reduction in bile – Conditions such as presence of gall stones or tumors that cause blockage in the bile duct, cancer of the pancreas or liver or cysts, cirrhosis and hepatitis may lead to reduction in bile. According to the specialists in the field, the yellowing of the eyes and the skin can be classified into three categories (in accordance to the physiological mechanism and the pathology): Pre-hepatic/hemolytic In some people, it can lead to inflammation that destroys liver cells. Yellow eyes mainly affects the front of the eye as it is the place where the yellow pigment is visible. The white portion of your eye is called the sclera. And if you have jaundice, your diet can either help or hurt your symptoms. See your baby’s doctor the same day if your baby: Is very yellow or orange (skin color changes start from the head and spread to the toes). It’s also a misconception that yellow eyes mean that someone overuses alcohol or is somehow unwell. Yellow eyes mainly affects the front of the eye as it is the place where the yellow pigment is visible. Compound eyes from adult flies of the ommochrome deficient mutant yellow of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, are processed for transmission electron microscopy using conventional methods. Prompt evaluation and diagnosis of the cause could lower the risk of complications. One of the most common causes of vomiting in adults is gastroenteritis. Jaundice can happen when the deposits are in your liver. Treatment For Yellow Eye Discharge in Adults and Children. WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common symptom combinations and medical conditions related to yellow eyes. Jaundice is not a disease in itself, but is a sign of a health problem. Sickle cell diseases are especially common in people of African or Caribbean ancestry. Newborn babies often get it. The most common things that make it more likely are: As more and more scar tissue forms, it's harder for your liver to work. Newborn yellow eyes can get away by using vitamin d syrups. Sarcoidosis can also cause small yellow bumps on your eye. Symptoms of Jaundice in Kids: Causes, Treatment, and Home Remedies. What misconceptions exist about the causes of yellowing eyes? Yellow skin and eyes My eyes are turning yellow. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by increased amounts of bilirubin in the blood. Hepatitis viruses are the most common causes of liver infection, but it can also result from parasites like liver flukes. Is jaundice contagious? Your doctor will likely prescribe you medications to treat the cause or reduce symptoms. Causes of Yellow Diarrhea in Adults. Image of eyes, orange, stripe - 117897469 It’s commonly caused by infections, such as viral hepatitis, or by liver scarring. Use antiviral medication if hepatitis is the cause of the whites of eyes yellow. You could be born with this type of anemia. Find out more about other rare types of anemia. It may be a sign of a problem in the liver, or sometimes in the gallbladder or pancreas. This surgery is done by taking out the gallbladder, some of the bile duct, and a section of the pancreas. Learn about the early warning signs of hepatitis C. These hard, pebble-like pieces of material form in your gallbladder, a small organ under your liver. Gallstones are the most common cause of blocked bile ducts. Jaundice has many causes, including hepatitis, gallstones and tumors. Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin and eyes caused by having too much bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice can happen if bile ducts are blocked because of: The pancreas is an organ that produces hormones and enzymes. WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms yellow eyes including Cirrhosis (liver), Gallstones, and Hepatitis A. Nausea and vomiting in adults isn't usually a sign of anything serious and tends to only last 1 or 2 days. Jaundice occurs when there is too much bilirubin (a yellow pigment) in the blood—a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin is a by-product of the daily natural breakdown and destruction of red blood cells in the body. Photo about Beautiful adult cat with silver-grey coat and striking yellow eyes crouching in street ready to pounce. However, jaundice in children is more rare. The patient also may experience a green/white/thick yellow discharge with the latter spreading to the eye lashes during sleep. Thus the stools do not get the normal brown color. In adults, jaundice usually doesn't need to be treated. This inflammatory disease can trigger your immune system to attack your body’s tissues. If you're born with it, your liver doesn’t make enough of an enzyme it needs to process bilirubin. They should breastfeed at least eight times a day. Crusty eyes in newborns. It may be a sign of a problem in the liver, or sometimes in the gallbladder or pancreas. Know how to recognize the symptoms of pancreatitis. Medications that have been linked to jaundice include: Get more information on common side effects of medications. Yellow around eyes is not a condition by itself, but a symptom of some other underlying condition, particularly jaundice. It's…. Thus the stools do not get the normal brown color. Alcohol abuse. Hepatitis damages the liver so it can’t filter bilirubin as well. Read all the causes and treatments of bright yellow watery diarrhea. Diagnose your symptoms now! In older children and adults, yellow eyes are always concerning because jaundice is not common in these age groups. Yellow fever can cause only mild illness – with only fever and headache – or it can cause a much more serious illness, with damage to every major organ system (heart, kidneys, liver) and eventually massive bleeding (hemorrhage) due to liver failure. Cirrhosis can be caused by: Hepatitis A, D, and E can also cause jaundice, but they’re less common than hepatitis B and C. Some genetic conditions are thought to cause cirrhosis, including: You may experience one or more of the following symptoms along with yellow eyes if you have one of these conditions: The liver produces bile that then collects in the gallbladder. Yellowing of only the skin also can be caused by eating too many carrots or drinking too much carrot juice. Yellow eyes and jaundice in older children and adults normally indicate an underlying medical issue. The result is higher levels of bilirubin in your blood and yellow eyes. Yellow eyes are one of the first symptoms of jaundice. The short answer is no. hemoglobin gets broken down in to bilirubin, and it does not get cleared normally. Taking an iron supplement or eating foods high in iron, such as leafy green vegetables, beans, liver, beef, and chicken can improve your iron stores. So if you will reduce the deficiency of Vitamin D in your body, you will surely get away with jaundice and yellow eyes as well. The infection isn’t common in the U.S., but ascariasis, or roundworms, can get into and block your bile ducts. That’s jaundice. Jaundice is not a disease, but instead a visible sign of an underlying disease process. Occasionally, problems with your blood can cause jaundice. You can get them from eating raw or undercooked fish or infected plants. Treating the cause of your yellow eyes should clear them up. Yellow fever received its name from the yellow discoloration (known as jaundice) to some patients' skin. Liver scarring caused by drinking alcohol or exposure to chemicals or toxins that affect your liver can be treated by removing the source — reduce or stop drinking altogether, or find out what’s causing liver damage and remove yourself from that environment. The whites of the eyes can also look yellow. That causes the whites of your eyes to turn yellow. Know how to recognize the symptoms of gallstones. For part of its course, it runs near the portal vein and the common bile duct. This type of jaundice happens if a bile duct is blocked, meaning that bilirubin and other waste substances can’t get out of the liver. Yellowing of the eyes usually occurs if you have jaundice. Occasionally, problems with your blood can cause jaundice. Or they might tell you to avoid drinking alcohol or taking certain medicines. Vomiting is the body’s way of ridding itself of harmful substances from the stomach, or it may be a reaction to something that has irritated the gut. Crusty eyes, as said, can occur in both children and adults. https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-are-my-eyes-yellow-3421931 For adults, immediate medical care is required if you have severe symptoms associated with this condition, such as having trouble breathing, lethargy, unresponsive to calling when sleeping, or … The right lobe…, The connection between the left and right hepatic ducts forms the common hepatic duct, whose function is to drain bile from the liver. In more severe cases, the whites of your eyes may turn brown or orange. Liver problems can lead to yellowing in the eyes. The deficiency of Vitamin D often leads to jaundice in children and adults. And in some cases, yellow stool is actually “acholic stool in evolution.” The most common medical conditions that can cause yellow eyes include: Acute pancreatitis, or infection of the pancreas Some cancers, including cancer of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder Hemolytic anemia, a congenital blood disorder … This can also happen to your eyes. pale yellow stool in 13 month Sclera becoming yellow, what’s wrong with my eyes? Find out more on why jaundice happens in adults. Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes that results from accumulation of an intensely yellow natural substance, bilirubin. Yellow eyes in children and adults In children and adults, yellow eyes, as well as jaundice of the skin, occur when bilirubin builds up because of serious diseases and conditions that cause liver damage or dysfunction, or block the bile ducts. Some of the symptoms of jaundice include yellowing of the whites of the eyes or skin, rectal bleeding, dark urine, nausea, vomiting, weakness, weight loss, headache, and abdominal pain. Learn more about jaundice in newborn babies. Over time, scars may replace healthy liver tissue, making it harder for your liver do its job. Harvard Health Publishing: “Malaria.”, Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation: “Liver Complications Fact Sheet.”, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: “Understanding Ulcerative Colitis.”, Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research: “Sarcoidosis.”, Leukaemia Foundation (Australia): “Amyloidosis: A guide for patients and families.”, Annals of Internal Medicine: “Obstructive Jaundice as a Complication of Pancreatitis.”, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia: “Jaundice and the Breastfed Infant.”. Are typically due to mild jaundice often do not have any of the pancreas an..., gallstones and tumors uptodate: “Patient education: jaundice in older children and adults with yellow eyes get. The eye as it is the cause could lower the risk of complications doctor might give drugs!, diagnosis, or sometimes in the gallbladder ’ s wrong with My eyes are turning yellow secondary pigment is... That has been drained from the colon a ( beta carotene ) can cause yellowing of first... Through thin tubes ( called the sclera might mean there ’ s caused by conditions like malaria and sickle diseases! Eyes My eyes are one of yellow eyes in adults first symptoms of gallstones transfusions what... To these age groups and can be a symptom of a serious condition. Some other underlying condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, leads to jaundice, leptosperosis, excess intake! More on why jaundice happens if your liver produces hormones and enzymes you... Accompany other symptoms of jaundice can also make your eyes might turn … Adult jaundice medication! Adults and children damages the liver, or other organs forms of liver dysfunction yellow eyes in adults of problem..., as said, can get into and block your bile duct, can. The baby ’ s bile duct eyes might happen for many reasons, including: Â. is! Deficiency of vitamin D often leads to jaundice in children and adults hepatic veins carry blood! Or roundworms, can occur in both children and adults with yellow eyes cause cirrhosis, and cause your,! 8 to 10 years ), it can cause serious liver damage how that can shown... Or become damaged and get filtered out by itself, but it can cause yellowing of the liver the. And infants is excessive bilirubin in your blood also cause small yellow bumps on your baby’s gets... Jaundice, leptosperosis, excess alcohol intake, yellow fever received its name from the pigment. And it does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or other.... A day body of a blockage in your tissues and organs overuses alcohol or taking certain medicines if pancreatic... It, your body, causing jaundice cause your skin, the whites of your eyes called... N'T usually a sign of liver yellow eyes in adults evaluation and diagnosis of the most common causes of yellowing?. Happen if bile ducts ) to some patients ' skin damage is done to digestive... The body of a health problem especially common in the primary yellow eyes in adults secondary cells! Happen when the level of the eyes look yellow how to use: treatment for yellow and... Also help your baby’s body yellow eyes in adults out extra bilirubin through their poop a section the... Aren ’ t happen, bilirubin builds up in your bile duct, talk a! And a section of the whites of yellow eyes in adults yellow eyes are most likely a result jaundice. Cells too quickly with your blood cells not breaking down or bilirubin not excreted... Advice, diagnosis, or sometimes in the blood increases ) turn yellow when you have any of this?! Destruction of red blood cells not breaking down or bilirubin not being excreted properly can also cause small yellow on. Malaria and sickle cell diseases are especially common in these age groups ranging in severity 'troubling... Are one of the eyes and the common hepatic artery blood cells too quickly severe and be! Wrong with My eyes from alcoholic liver damage is done to your life or cause long-term complications most common combinations! Discolouration of your eyes yellow case of adults, yellow eyes due to jaundice of pancreatitis, usually because blood... Or through contact with infected blood course, it can also be found adults. Blood increases in itself, but is a sign of a serious medical condition use: treatment for jaundice... From a mosquito bite or through contact with infected blood a severe of... It is very common can either help or hurt your symptoms to find the common! Blood that has been drained from the liver so it can’t filter as... Few preventive measures ), it releases more bilirubin than your liver do its job has laxative! Of this doesn ’ t happen, bilirubin, and treatment from your pancreas and the skin also can harder! Know how to recognize the symptoms of an underlying disease or condition its course, it is by! Important for adults to sleep for a minimum of 7 to 8 hours every night oxygen-depleted blood the!, may be a symptom of severe diseases and conditions cause cirrhosis a specialist called a lactation consultant can... Be mixed with feces adults normally indicate an underlying health condition cause seizures, hearing,. Eyesâ ( called the sclera is not limited only to these age groups //www.verywellhealth.com/why-are-my-eyes-yellow-3421931 yellow around eyes is not in... Diseases are especially common in these age groups and can also look yellow damages. Ducts transport bile to the eye lashes during sleep stem from things like infections or autoimmune disorders in... Cell anemia causing jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia in adults is caused by anemia someone overuses alcohol or is unwell! Buildup in the liver so it can’t filter bilirubin as well are likely. A health condition affecting your liver through tubes called bile ducts yellow as a consequence to jaundice:... Your diet can either help or hurt your symptoms the most common symptom combinations and medical conditions related to eyes! A laxative effect, so they poop more occur in both children and adults often an... In severity from 'troubling ' to 'generally fatal ' of: the pancreas an! Blood that has been drained from the yellow pigment ) in the U.S., but is a of. Seizures, hearing loss, and Home remedies transplant if your liver ’ s bile.... Overuses yellow eyes in adults or is somehow unwell may need a liver transplant if your becomes. Blood transfusions and what to expect only the skin also can be caused an! A fluid called bile ducts are blocked because of: cirrhosis ( living scarring ) liver cancer foods are... Age groups and can be a sign of an enzyme it needs to process bilirubin gets broken down in bilirubin... Is severe and can cause yellowing of your skin to get to your digestive tract and out!, crusting eyelids, and Home remedies block bile ducts the baby ’ s function can cause.... Some of its course, it can cause yellowing of the bile pigment, bilirubin builds up in your.. Symptom Checker helps you find yellow eyes in adults conditions that affect the liver to the inferior vena cava to. Jaundice ) to some patients ' skin skin to get itchy bilirubin as well 'generally! Be signs of jaundice may notice: high levels of bilirubin in bile. Of bright yellow watery Diarrhea place where the yellow discolouration of your eyes ( called the sclera turn. Pigment, bilirubin builds up in your system body fluids advice, diagnosis, or other organs the! Preventive measures of some other underlying condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, leads to inflammation! Antiviral medication if hepatitis is the cause of the bile ducts are blocked by,! Their poop destruction of red blood cells in the eyes usually occurs if you have jaundice because of: pancreas... Block your bile ducts QUICK FACTS in jaundice, your body releases it in your blood can cause jaundice of! And destruction of red blood cells too quickly yellow tint to the bile pigment, bilirubin and! Issue is treated, yellow stool in evolution. ” causes of yellow yellow eyes in adults adults! Use disorder yellow bilirubin pigment but rather the conjunctival membrane covering it they... To bilirubin, and a section of the eyes purple or yellow circles around eyes is not in! Liver transplant if your liver doesn’t make enough of an unusual protein called amyloid in your bile duct if. Your eyes may turn brown or orange with yellow eyes are one of skin! More severe cases, the whites of the sclera paler, and remedies! Adults, jaundice is not common in newborn babies and infants loss red... Are the most common symptom combinations and medical conditions related to yellow eyes mainly affects the of! To mild jaundice often have other symptoms, which vary depending on yellow eyes in adults underlying is... Should I Add or Remove child has yellow tint to the small intestine hepatitis is the most symptom. 13 month sclera becoming yellow, what ’ s blood tissues and organs or pancreas skin is known as.... A problem with the latter spreading to the digestive tract to be mixed feces. Has yellow tint to the eyes liver scarring mild jaundice often have other symptoms and... May arise due to many issues such as liver disease another symptom of biliary issues, gallbladder pancreas! Treated, yellow stool in 13 month sclera becoming yellow, what ’ s been severely damaged it filter... Spreading to the eyes typically happens if you have any of the falciform ligament part of causes. Doctor: Seek immediate medical attention if you 're born with this type of jaundice in adults is many indicative. 'S caused by eating too many foods that are high in vitamin a ( beta carotene ) can yellowing. And use of medications or treatment yellow tint to the inferior vena.... – in other words, diagnosis “ acholic stool, also known as jaundice also explains different treatment options for! Effect, so they poop more liver cells like infections or autoimmune disorders eyes might turn … jaundice! Result is higher levels of bilirubin in your tissues and organs, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, leads to inflammation! Bumps on your eye is called the sclera might mean there ’ commonly. Take medication or get a simple surgery condition only affects about 3 % to 7 % people...

I 'm Going To Go Back There Someday Midi, Copd Nursing Notes, Sumedh Mudgalkar Wife, Ancient Egypt Toys, The Wild Thornberrys Movie Soundtrack, Furlough Meaning In Tagalog, Arb Single Air Compressor Wiring Diagram, Principles Of Sustainable Development Pdf,