Volunteer organisations had initially been forbidden to send food, but in early 1946 the Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany was founded. [citation needed], At the Yalta Conference, the Allies agreed that an undivided post-war Korea would be placed under four-power multinational trusteeship. The Soviet forces invaded Manchuria. p. 67. [27][28] In the end, the de-industrialisation programme in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the one in Germany. The Great War Begins; 8. [5] The population would not return to its pre-war level for 30 years. The International Authority for the Ruhr, designed to keep German industry down and controlled, evolved into the European Coal and Steel Community, a founding pillar of the European Union. Independence for the nations of Sub-Saharan Africa came more slowly. Unlike in Germany and Japan, no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them (such as Mussolini) at the end of the war. ► The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was one of the events that triggered the war. [80] In the end, counter-intelligence supplied to the KGB by Kim Philby allowed the KGB to penetrate and ultimately gain control of MI6's entire intelligence network in the Baltic states. This was done openly using tools such as the European Recovery Program, which encouraged European economic integration. Leaders of the operation included Alfons Rebane, Stasys Žymantas, and Rūdolfs Silarājs. He described Stalin as having dropped an "Iron Curtain" between East and West. [57] Supporting Lilly's lower figure is the "crucial difference" that for World War II military rapes "it was the commanding officer, not the victim, who brought charges". On 12 March 1947, to gain Congressional support for the aid, President Truman described the aid as promoting democracy in defence of the "free world", a principle that became known as the Truman Doctrine.[80]. Until the introduction in 1941 of Lend-Lease aid from the US, the UK had been spending its assets to purchase American equipment including aircraft and ships - over £437 million on aircraft alone. The German state of the Saar was temporarily a protectorate of France but later returned to German administration. In early 1946, the Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia were formed and permitted to supply Japanese with food and clothes. The UN adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, "as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations." [55] Lilly assumed that only 5% of rapes by American soldiers were reported, making 17,000 GI rapes a possibility, while analysts estimate that 50% of (ordinary peace-time) rapes are reported.  • Leyte [102] The Soviets used 92 trains to transport the specialists and their families, an estimated 10,000-15,000 people. [117] The UK, by contrast, was in a state of economic ruin after the war[118] and continued to experience relative economic decline for decades to follow.[119]. The war killed an estimated 2 millionVietnamese civilians, 1.1 millionNorth Vietnamese troops, 200,000 SouthVietnamese troops, and 58,000U.S.troops. A state of emergency was declared by the colonial authorities in 1948 with the outbreak of acts of terrorism. On February 4, 1946, the Red Cross was permitted to visit and assist prisoners also in the U.S. occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. The Federal State of Austria had been annexed by Germany in 1938 (Anschluss, this union was banned by the Treaty of Versailles).  • Morgenthau Plan In the east, the Sudetenland reverted to Czechoslovakia following the European Advisory Commission's decision to delimit German territory to be the territory it held on 31 December 1937. [112] The property damage in the Soviet Union consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, and 31,850 industrial establishments. Although the loan was agreed on reasonable terms, its conditions included what proved to be damaging fiscal conditions for the Sterling. A new directive recognised that "[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany. [44] A substantial minority was raped multiple times. In 1967, communist leader Chin Peng reopened hostilities, culminating in a second emergency that lasted until 1989. Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy. French women who had had romantic liaisons with German soldiers were publicly humiliated and had their heads shaved. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam held the north while South Vietnam formed into a separate republic in control of Ngo Dinh Diem who was backed in his refusal to hold elections by the US. As a result, with its industrial and civilian base in much better shape than most of the world, the US embarked on an economic expansion unseen in human history. [56] Lilly assumed that only 5% of rapes by American soldiers were reported, making 17,000 GI rapes a possibility, while analysts estimate that 50% of (ordinary peacetime) rapes are reported. Stalin won. Germany and former Nazi satellites made reparations to the Soviet Union. [61] In Italy the victims of these acts were described as Marocchinate meaning literally "Moroccaned" (or people who have been subjected to acts committed by Moroccans). 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