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What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? By "cynic" I simply mean those who have decided the book Isaiah is an amalgamation of different writings, by different authors, some anonymous. Sargon II, subdued by the Hittites, defeated the Egyptians in Rafia and overthrown the reign of Urartu, managed to keep Babylon and the Medes under control during the whole period of his reign, while Sennacherib brutally destroyed it (689), after having done of Nineveh the first city of the empire and having in vain besieged Jerusalem (701). But as for the book of Isaiah there is unanimous agreement in every ancient Old Testament version that Isaiah wrote the whole of the book of Isaiah. An anonym. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw Note how Isaiah mentions Cyrus before Cyrus was supposed to have even been born. It seems to me it comes down to what you believe is true. Good answer as it goes. How do we know which one is right? See also Jewish history which includes links to individual country histories. Purpose of Writing: In 605 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon had conquered Judah and deported many of its inhabitants to Babylon - Daniel included. 34:8 and 61:2; the violence of war. What video game is Charlie playing in Poker Face S01E07? All Rights Reserved. Before the nation could inherit the promises made to the fathers, it would have to be made holy. says your God. and 532 B.C. to open doors before him The Persian king Cyrus, enlightened sovereign and lover of art and culture, almost certainly knew parts of the book of Isaiah in some ancient language and, according to the authoritative testimony of the historian Flavius Joseph, he read the prophecies concerning him astonished, he meditated for a long time on these and matured the decision to free the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, XI, 5-7), perhaps grateful to the God of the Jews for so much honor received (Josephus, The Jewish War, V, 389) . The narrator remains in this period until the end of the book. Cross posted at, @Henry - tense has nothing to do with it. Purpose of Writing: The Prophet Isaiah was primarily called to prophesy to the Kingdom of Judah. There are no Greek loan words and only one Persian. in the ships in which they took pride. I thank all those who have read this so far, and ask you a few closing questions. Israels Creator, your King. Isaiah 43:14. The term Kyros, used in the Greek koin above all to make the name of the Persian emperor Cyrus, is in fact widely used in the fourth and fifth centuries before Christ in the sense of "supreme power, power, authority" and sometimes as a synonym of Kyrios in the sense of "lord, master, chief, having authority and power", as is clear from the works of Aeschylus, Herodic Doctor, Pindar, Sophocles, Thucydides and Plato. Note: I used Young Literal Translation because it transliterate YHWH into Yehovah where all other translation seems to take more "liberty". The question is "Why would any editor/redactor place this passage by some future anonymous prophet in this part of the book"? Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers" In the book of Esther there are a lot of Persian loan words; in Ezra there are Persian, and some Persian in Chronicles both 1 and 2. . 1. Scholars date the scroll of Isaiah to at least 150 years before Jesus ever walked the face of the Earth. In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. (To check this use Biblegateway.com). 4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. was isaiah written before daniel. Isaiah prophesized the coming of the Messiah Jesus Christ. And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." According to 6:1, Isaiah received his call "in the year that King Uzziah died" (742 bc), and . Judah was going through times of revival and times of rebellion. One problem with this is that the sins which are so vigorously condemned in 40-66 are the sins of the pre-captivity ie the sins before going into exile in Babylon, they are the sins of Israel and Judah prior to the destruction of the Northern tribes and Judah prior to the destruction of Judah in the early 500s bc. 4. Despite all their rebellion He will have mercy on them still, and in order to be able to have mercy he must show them he is God and make them willing to obey him and go back to Judaea and the land that God had chosen for them. Against whom do ye sport yourselves? Isaiah is the only Major Prophet whose story takes place before the fall of Jerusalem. He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? The passages in question are Isaiah 44 and 45, which is in the middle of the so called. How could it be possible that the most sublime of all the prophesies, the book of Isaiah, should contain portions for which we have no idea who is the author? to turn on its feet with the answer: No, we have ample evidence that large parts of Isaiah were written after Cyrus. So it can be concluded that Deutero-Isaiah preached in Babylon between 550 BC and 540 BC. See other such passages: Isaiah 40:19-23; 41:6-7; 41:23; 42:17; 45:16; 45:20-21; 46:6-13; 65:7; 66:17. Portions of 4055 really were written before the exile. Using Kolmogorov complexity to measure difficulty of problems? It is said the style of 1-39 and 40-66 is different. So our oldest extant copy of Isaiah dates to a much later period than that of Cyrus. 2 I will go before you Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. There are a few loan words from Egyptian, and a few from Assyrian (Assyrian Akkadian), which was the lingua franca in northern Mesopotamia until it was replaced by Aramaic roughly during the period 750 to 650 BC. I suggest anyone who finds this odd actually investigate the clear(and obvious) parallels about these "doubles" for themselves. For one, Daniel refers to himself in the first person in much of the book and makes the dating claim himself. Do we know the reason it was written in poetic form? Replacing broken pins/legs on a DIP IC package. Outstanding chapters in Isaiah's predictions are 13, 14, and 47 with scattered references elsewhere (21:9, 39:1, 3, 6, 7; 43:14; 48: . It includes the full scope of His life: the announcement of His coming ( Isaiah 40:3-5 ), His virgin birth (7:14), His proclamation of the good news (61:1), His sacrificial death (52:13-53:12), and His return to claim . what animals eat kangaroo paws in the savanna . FUCK ME NOW. This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: "My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple." In Judea: prophecy of Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Obadiah, and Habakkuk In this regard, Gerolamo wrote: "Scio ad hoc capitulo non solum Latinorum, sed Graecorum plurimos vehementer errare, existimantium scriptum esse : "Sic dicit Dominus Christo meo, Domino"; ut intelligatur, juxta illud quod alibi legimus: "Et: Dixit Dominus Domino meo" (Ps 110.1). While there is wide agreement about the evidence, there isnt as much consensus on what to do with that evidence. Because Isaiah 40-66 contains Chapter 53, one of the most breathtaking prophecies in the whole of the Old Testament. This was the time between the first victories of Cyrus, which gave an indication of the collapse of the Babylonian empire, and the liberation edict of 538 BC, which then allowed the Israelites to return to Palestine, that is to Yehud. This could do with some editing as it's very hard to follow the logic in this answer. CLAIM: If Isaiah really wrote from Israel before the Exile (739-681 BC), then he would have predicted King Cyrus by nameover two hundred years in advance. 25 and Isa 45,1ff the victory of the Persian king Cyrus over the Lydian king Croesus in the year 546 BC could give the background. Learn. . 35:10 and 51:11; This shall you have of my hand: you shall lie down in sorrow. The OT Prophet Isaiah lived in the 8th-century BC. "If this were true, then it's a miracle. That the activity of Deutero-Isaiah falls into the final phase of exile can be substantiated: Furthermore, there is historical information in Isaiah chapters 1 to 39 which has been confirmed from other sources. Isaiahs writings divide easily into two main collections or books of prophecies: The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters(3639) written mostly inprose. By the time our Isaiah Scroll was copied (the last third of the second century BCE), the book was already regarded as a single composition. Its also possible that his original writings were expanded on by later priests living during and after the exile. The prophet, therefore, far from knowing miraculously and with two centuries in advance the exact name of a Persian king, could have simply glimpsed as "Anointed Lord" a foreign king, consecrated by God to free the people of Israel and to prepare the returning home, especially to the exiles of the Northern Kingdom, deported to Assyria by King Sargon II (2 Kings 17) after the fall of Samaria (722 BC). let us meet together(E) at the place of judgment. Bosque de Palabras There is no good reason to doubt it was all written by the Prophet Isaiah whose prophetic ministry had started by 739 BC when King Uzziah died (Isaiah 6:1) and who died after the death of King Hezekiah, in the sole reign of King Manasseh which began 686 BC. Search Isaiah is a resource for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to dive into the book of Isaiah. It was to bring them to see He is the true God because He alone can predict the future. However, it seems that Babylon itself was not taken by Cyrus in 539 BC. On the a priori assumption that prophecy is impossible? The text is written so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event, when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted. The concept is similar but distinct from postdiction, where prophecies that were genuinely written or spoken before the event are reinterpreted after the event to fit the facts as they occurred. Cyrus (580-529 BC) was the first Achaemenid Emperor, Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem, judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/31318/, skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/17871/, Its Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future, http://biblechronologybooks.com/scientificmethod.html, http://biblechronologybooks.com/hebrewkings.html, http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/579794/jewish/Haftorah-in-a-Nutshell.htm, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Portions of 139 were written during the exile. loose, To open before him two-leaved doors, Yea, gates are not shut: However, it is possible that the book of Isaiah is simply written after the event and written in a way that make it look as if it could predict prophecy. Born in Jerusalem, Israel, he was said to have found his calling as a prophet when he saw a vision in the year of King Uzziahs death. Concerning God's economy toward His chosen people, Isaiah reveals that all the nations . I quote from Gleason Archer's book "A Survey of Old Testament Introduction" (1st edition 1964, page 330):-. Cyrus is alluded to in this week's haftorah http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/579794/jewish/Haftorah-in-a-Nutshell.htm, The Helper of Israel I'm into art, music, and I like fixing cars. Would anyone? Match. -1. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. and proclaim to her According to 3 Ne. And in Isaiah 43, the Jews seem to be in Babylon: This is what the Lord says Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? Many died because they had such a reverence for their scriptures. @Henry - Indeed. when he says, Woe to them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight. For instance, Josephus relates that when the Romans came to besiege Jerusalem the Romans learned that on the Sabbath day they could build the siegeworks for the overthrow of Jerusalem without being attacked by the Jews. It is necessary, however, to take into account the fact that the original Hebrew text was irretrievably lost, Aquila, Tivatzione and Simmaco used "Kuro" in open dispute with the Christians, the testimony of Gerolamo dates back to the IV century after Christ and the Masoretic text stabilized only towards the 10th century. He was believed to have written chapters 1-39 in The Book of Isaiah with the balance of the book authored by several other prophets. Also the bit about divine inspiration might derail the topic and start an opinion based debate. In the chapters X and XI the subject is in fact addressed in a spiritual dimension (the remnant of Jacob will be converted to the Powerful God) with clear eschatological values (in messianic times of peace and justice even the wolf and the lamb will dwell together) and with an eager anticipation of real and imminent historical developments (redemption of the distant, collection of the exiles and the return of the missing). Upon a lofty and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up to offer sacrifice. Thus Cyrus would have had both a Persian name(when in Persia), and a Semitic name(when in Assyria/Babylon). (C) The passage predicts that when the Saviour comes 1 he would be despised and rejected; 2 he would be put on trial (verse 8); 3 he would die without children (verse 8); 4 he would take the punishment for other people's sins; 5 he would be buried in a rich man's grave (the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea); 6 he would rise again from the dead; 7 his death would be effective for many. Learn more in John N. Oswalt's course on Isaiah. It only takes a minute to sign up. 10 Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand. The term "the Holy One of Israel" referring to God is used many times in Isaiah but rarely outside the book of Isaiah: it is used 15 times in 1-39 and 14 times in 40-66 but only 6 times throughout the rest if the Old Testament and one of those 6 times is when referring to the words of Isaiah (2 Kings 19:22). Place or time information is completely missing. The Old Testament knows nothing of anonymous prophets. your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: The opening passage of Isaiah 40 suggests Israels sin has already been paid for: Comfort, comfort my people, It was not done just to impress: the prediction was given so that the Jews would not return to Baal or Molech or to their idols, but they would return to the Lord their God. The Southern Kingdom of Judah managed to last about 340 years before the Babylonian captivity. I am the Lord, your Holy One, 6 Behold, it is written before Me: I will not keep silent, but I will repay; I will pay it back into their laps, 7 both for your iniquities and for those of your fathers," says the LORD. Of course, the higher critics of the period took this and ran with it. ), Then finally the King James Authorised Version tells us Hebrews is, "The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews". On the possibility of equivocating the proper name "Kyros" with the common names "Kyros" and "Kyrios" only Jerome dwelled, who narrated how numerous Fathers and many Greek and Latin translations had mistakenly attributed to Christ the prophecies concerning Cyrus, confusing the proper name "Ciro" with the term "Lord". This fits with the timeline of chapters 139, where the Babylonian captivity clearly hasnt taken place yet. version of the biblical Book of Isaiah. In this passage, the first quote is from Isaiah 53:1, the second is from Isaiah 6:10 and the third is from Isaiah 6:1. Enhance your schools traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. And they will bring all your people, from all the nations, to my holy mountain in Jerusalem as an offering to the Lordon horses, in chariots and wagons, and on mules and camels, says the Lord. The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters (36-39) written mostly in prose. "To the Hebrews, written from Italy by Timothy". Yet none of these suggests the slightest practice of are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood. . Test. "Behold, it is written before me: I will not keep silence without having recompensed, and I will recompense into their bosom. This is the man who sent the Jews into Exile in Babylon. There are three items in Isaiah 20:1 which give clues as to when it was written: In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it; 1) The use of the term Tartan shows at least this section of Isaiah was written early, prior to 600 bc. their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal "That chapters 13, 14 and 21 refer to the first destruction of Babylon by the Assyrians and not to the subsequent conquest of the city by the Persians (which, however, did not destroy it) also seems to be confirmed by the fact that from chapter 14 in chapter 20 are contained various oracles against the Assyrians, now insignificant people at the time of King Cyrus. Then Isaiah said to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the Lord Almighty: The time will surely come when everything in your palace, and all that your predecessors have stored up until this day, will be carried off to Babylon. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Isaiah, Birth City: Jerusalem, Birth Country: Israel. It is claimed that no where does the name Isaiah appear in 40-66, the section with prophesies concerning Babylon. . The temptations they faced were different and the typical sins after the 70 years of Babylonian Captivity were different. I, the Lordwith the first of them It enveloped them in flames, yet they did not understand; @Coelacanth: The traditional view is that sections were added to the book of Isaiah later. (Isaiah 5:21), Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that you have kindled. @FelixGoldberg: He mentions Nicolaus only because he was a close friend of Herod (and, in one place, to criticize him for writing so uncritically about his subject); but after all it's not a modern textbook where the source of every statement has to be given. 1 Chronicles 16:30 (KJV) . There are foreign loan words in Nehemiah. For instance, idolatry is condemned and the burning of their own children to Molech is condemned in chapter 57. I am the Lord, who made all things, the worship of graven images there was unknown. So the reason for speaking of Cyrus 150 years before he captured Babylon was gracious and kind on God's part. After the Jews returned from captivity in the days of Cyrus there was no such gross idolatry. Aside from Isaiah 20:1, the Assyrian title "Rabshakeh" is used several times in both Isaiah (ch 36 & 37) and 2 Kings (ch 18 & 19). Isaiah was best known as the Hebrew prophet who predicted the coming of Jesus Christ to salvage mankind from sin. The "7" represents form of divine "signature". Of course not. But then the timeline appears to skip ahead about 150 years. The language fell into decay and its military terms would have fallen more quickly into oblivion, seeing as there was no longer any Assyrian Army after 609 bc. They needed encouragement to believe in the God of the Scriptures: and to see the name "Cyrus" in the 150 year old book of Isaiah would surely have encouraged some of them to comply with the decree and go back to Judaea. And so it proved, they never again returned to idols. laid hold on, To subdue nations before him, Yea, loins of kings I 1932 ford coupe body for sale australia. Assuming for purposes of argument that Josephus' account is true, then plain common sense dictates that he was so impressed precisely because it was the genuine article - a prophecy from an earlier period - rather than a crude contemporary forgery. And some of your descendants, your own flesh and blood who will be born to you, will be taken away, and they will become eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. Isaiah 39:57. But already the Jewish commentator Ibn Esra concluded around 1138 that the book was not written in one go. This is a timeline of the development of prophecy among the Jews in Judaism. 5 I am the Lord, and there is no other, Neque enim Kyrio, quod Dominum sonat, sed Cyro dicitur, here Hebraice appellatur Khores, regi Persarum, here Babylonem Chaldaeosque superavit. Dating from ca. 2) As another contributor has already said, the mention of the Assyrian king "Sargon" is also witness that Isaiah 1-39 was written early, because Sargon was unknown to history, including Herodotus, until his palace was discovered in the nineteenth century. He would have told us about them then, the way he mentioned Nicolaus of Damascus for a later period. Isaiah 42 appears to speak of the destruction of Israel as an event in the past: Who handed Jacob over to become loot, If these chapters were written at a later date, after Cyrus had come to power, then in these passages sins are being condemned (or commented on) which were no longer a snare. Chapters 44 (late) and 45 (early in the chapter) refer to Cyrus, who was King of Persia and conquered Babylon and ended the Neo Babylonian Empire October 12th 539 bc. Oswalt also believes it makes sense that Isaiah would speak to people in the future: I believe the reason is Isaiah had experienced the exile of the northern kingdom during his lifetime, and he is aware of the terrific implications of exile. Scrolls discovered in Qumran in 1947. While scholars disagree about exactly how to interpret the signs of multiple authors, theres a common thread: the prophet Isaiah wrote the book of Isaiahwith help. Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. Flashcards. @user438 The hypothesis that prophecies generally don't work isn't assumed totally. Those interested in this can search for "Eponym Dating System" in google. years older than the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible known to rev2023.3.3.43278. Frankly, the post-Captivity world in the Old Testament is remarkably similar to our modern world, namely, no graven images, no gross worship of the ancient vicious gods of Baal and Molech, and no miracles either (until the New Testament period). His disciples expanded on those chapters, and their disciples expanded it after. The lack of flow, and poor writing, is all mine, my aim being to try to be brief; the ideas are mainly his. It was always in the plan of God that when the Messiah came he would be rejected by the religious leaders of the people who had the Scriptures of God, who in matters of religion were the best informed, who had the Old Testament Scriptures and had studied them: that we all might know that religious head-knowledge is not enough. My question is. The only possible conclusion to draw is that who formed you from the womb: Can We Prove Who Wrote the Book of Isaiah? The mention of the media in the "Proto Isaiah" (Isaiah 13,17 and 21,2) is due to the fact that the Assyrians hired in their ranks a large number of Mediums and Elamites, warlike and rebellious but very versed in the art of war . The Great Isaiah Scroll, containing Isaiah Chapter 53, is dated to about 125 BC, over 100 years before the time of Christ: 53 Who hath believed our report? On the Sabbath day the Jews would only fight the Romans if the Romans were trying to kill them. Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. It's child's play to "predict things" after the event.